Dictionaries were primarily created for human use (e.g., language learning/teaching, translation, lexicology) and are typically semasiological, which means that they are organized around words and contain information on their meanings, definitions, pronunciation, etc. There are 95 dictionaries in the CLARIN infrastructure. Most (54) of the dictionaries are monolingual, accounting for 14 languages (Arabic, Dagaare, Danish, Dutch, Estonian, English, Finnish, Frisian, German, Icelandic, Latvian, Slovenian, Russian Swedish, Veps), while the rest (41) include a variety of both bilingual and multilingual language combinations (e.g., English-Greek, Estonian-English, Karelian-Finnish). In the vast majority of the cases, the dictionaries can be directly downloaded from the national repositories or queried through easy-to-use online search environments.
For comments, changes of the existing content or inclusion of new resources, send us an resource-families [at] clarin.eu (email).
Dictionaries in the CLARIN Infrastructure
Monolingual Resources
| Corpus | Language | Description | Availability |
|---|---|---|---|
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A digital dictionary of Damascus Arabic Size: 4,218 entries |
Arabic (Damascus) | This small-sized dictionary of Spoken Damascus Arabic has mainly been compiled for comparative and didactic purposes, and comprises all words in Prochazka's 2-volume textbook Lehrbuch des Syrisch-Arabischen. The resource is available for download from ARCHE. | Download |
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A digital dictionary of Modern Standard Arabic Size: 2,418 entries |
Arabic (Modern Standard) | This small-sized dictionary of Modern Standard Arabic has mainly been compiled for comparative and didactic purposes. The resource is available for download from ARCHE. | Download |
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A Digital Dictionary of Tunis Arabic Size: 7,543 entries |
Arabic (Tunis) | This dictionary includes entries from the TuniCo corpus and is additionally based on data elicited from complementary interviews with young Tunisians and lexical material taken from published historical sources dating back to the middle of the 20th century. The resource is available for download from ARCHE. | Download |
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A digital dictionary of Dagaare Size: 1252 entries |
Dagaare | This dictionary, which illustrates salient aspects of the Dagaare lexico-grammatical system, is available for download from ARCHE. | Download |
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Jysk Ordbog (a-h), 17. April, 2011, xml-edition Size: 16,000 entries |
Danish | This is a dictionary of Danish dialects spoken in Jutland between 1700 and 1920. The resource is available for download from CLARIN-DK. | Download |
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Dictionary of Contemporary Dutch (ANW) Size: 255,239 words |
Dutch |
This dictionary describes Dutch vocabulary from 1970 onwards. The resource is available for download from the Dutch Language Institute (INT). For a list of related publications, see the following webpage. |
Download |
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Dictionary of Middle Dutch (MNW) Size: 60,000 lemmas |
Dutch | This is a historical dictionary of Medieval Dutch vocabulary from the period between 1250 and 1550. The resource is available for online browsing through the Dutch Language Institute (INT). | Browse |
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Licence: other |
Dutch | This is a historical dictionary of Old Dutch vocabulary from the period from the period between 500 and 1200. The resource is available for online browsing through the Dutch Language Institute (INT). | Browse |
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Early Middle Dutch Dictionary (VMNW) Size: 25,000 lemmas |
Dutch | This is a historical dictionary of Early Medieval Dutch vocabulary from the period between 1200 and 1300. The resource is available for online browsing through the Dutch Language Institute (INT). | Browse |
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Size: 95,000 lemmas |
Dutch | The dictionary describes the meaning and history of hundred thousands of words in written Dutch, from the period 1500-1976. The resource is available for online browsing through the Dutch Language Institute (INT). | Browse |
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English Hask Collocation Database Size: 150,045 entries containing 2,875,407 word combinations |
English | HASK collocation dictionaries are phraseological databases used by linguists, language teachers, lexicographers, language materials developers, translators and other language professionals and casual dictionary users. The resource is available for online browsing through the PELCRA environment. | Browse |
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First Estonian Slang Dictionary Size: 7,500 keywords |
Estonian | This is a dictionary of Estonian slang that is available for download from (CELR distribution) and for online browsing through a dedicated website. | |
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Low-German Loanwords in the Estonian Language Size: 1,150 keywords |
Estonian | This is a dictionary of Low-German loanwords. The resource is available for download from META-SHARE (CELR distribution) and for online browsing through a dedicated website. | |
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Online Dictionary of Standard Estonian ÕS 2018 Size: 59,275 keyword |
Estonian | This is a normative dictionary of modern standard Estonian. The resource is available for download from META-SHARE (CELR distribution) and online browsing through a dedicated website. | |
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The Advisory Dictionary of Document Language Size: 1,200 keywords |
Estonian | This is a dictionary for simple, plain and precise expression in official communication. The resource is available for download from META-SHARE (CELR distribution) and for online browsing through a dedicated website. | |
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Size: 50,000 keywords |
Estonian | This is a monolingual dictionary that includes important Estonian words explained in simple language. The resource is available for download from META-SHARE (CELR distribution) and for online browsing through a dedicated webpage. | |
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The Dialectological Dictionary of Estonian Size: 73,397 keywords |
Estonian | This is a dictionary that provides a survey of Estonian dialect words and their areal distribution. The resource is available for download from META-SHARE (CELR distribution) and for online browsing through a dedicated website. | |
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The Dictionary of Estonian Antonyms Size: 2,000 antonym pairs |
Estonian | This dictionary contains antonym pairs, most of which belong to general language. The resource is available for download from META-SHARE (CELR distribution) and for online browsing through a dedicated website. | |
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The Dictionary of Estonian Dialects (2013-...) Size: 60,000 keywords |
Estonian | This is a dialectal dictionary with phonetic and grammatical information, information on the area of distribution, and meaning of dialectal words. The resource is available for download from META-SHARE (CELR distribution) and for online browsing through a dedicated website. | |
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The Dictionary of Estonian Phraseology Size: 7,500 phrasemes |
Estonian | This is a dictionary that contains phrasemes from various stylistic registers. The resource is available for download from META-SHARE (CELR distribution) and for online browsing through a dedicated website. | |
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The Dictionary of Estonian Synonyms Size: 10,000 synsets |
Estonian | This is a comprehensive dictionary of Estonian synonyms. The resource is available for download from META-SHARE (CELR distribution) and for online browsing through a dedicated website. | |
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The Dictionary of Estonian Word Families - Index Size: 120,000 words |
Estonian | A word family consists of all the words that are linked by formative processes and share one and the same word stem. The resource is available for online browsing. | Browse |
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The Dictionary of Foreign Words Size: 33,000 keywords |
Estonian | This is a dictionary that contains widespread Estonian words of foreign origin. The resource is available for download from META-SHARE (CELR distribution) and for online browsing through a dedicated website. | |
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The Dictionary of Old Võru Dialect Size: 10,000 keywords |
Estonian | This dictionary is on the archaic Võru dialect spoken in the second half of the 19th and in the first half of the 20th century. The resource is available for download from META-SHARE (CELR distribution) and for online browsing through a dedicated website. | |
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The Dictionary of the Eastern Dialect Size: 7,000 keywords |
Estonian | This is a dialectal dictionary. The resource is available for download from META-SHARE (CELR distribution) and for online browsing through a dedicated website. | |
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The Dictionary of the Hiiu Dialect Size: 6,300 entries |
Estonian | This dialectal dictionary is available for download from META-SHARE (CELR distribution) and for online browsing through a dedicated website. | |
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The Dictionary of the Kihnu Dialect Size: 6,000 keywords |
Estonian | This is the first dictionary of the Hiiu vernacular. The entries also give sentence examples with reference to their source parish. The resource is available for download from META-SHARE (CELR distribution) and for online browsing through a dedicated website. | |
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The Dictionary of the Mulgi Dialect Size: 4,000 keywords |
Estonian | This is a dialectal dictionary searchable by keyword (in dialect spelling), standard Estonian equivalent (meaning) or style label. The resource is available for download from META-SHARE (CELR distribution) and for online browsing through a dedicated website. | |
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The Dictionary of the Seto Dialect Size: 6,000 keywords |
Estonian | This is the first online Seto dictionary accessible to search both in dialect orthography and in simplified spelling (without diacritical marks). The resource is available for download from META-SHARE (CELR distribution) and for online browsing through a dedicated website. | |
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The Estonian Etymological Dictionary Size: 6,600 keywords |
Estonian | This etymological dictionary is available for download from META-SHARE (CELR distribution) and for online browsing through a dedicated website. | |
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The Explanatory Dictionary of Estonian Language Size: 154,000 keywords |
Estonian | This is the biggest dictionary of the Estonian language, which covers Estonian standard language as a whole, including spoken language and special languages. The resource is available for download from META-SHARE (CELR distribution) and for online browsing through a dedicated website. | |
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Dictionary of Contemporary Finnish Size: 100,000 entries |
Finnish | This is a dictionary of modern Finnish that is available for online browsing through the Language Bank of Finland. | Browse |
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Dictionary of Finnish Dialects Size: growing |
Finnish | This is a dialect dictionary that is available for online browsing through the Language Bank of Finland. | Browse |
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Dictionary of Old Literary Finnish Size: growing |
Finnish | This is a dictionary of Old Literary Finish. The resource is available for online browsing through the Language Bank of Finland. | Browse |
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Size: 120,000 lemmas |
Frisian | This dictionary describes the meaning and history of hundred thousands of words in written Frisian, from the period 1800-1976. The resource is available for online browsing through the Dutch Language Institute (INT). | Browse |
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Digital Dictionary of the German Language (DWDS) Size: approx. 500,000 entries |
German |
This collection consists of the following digitized dictionaries:
This collection is available for online browsing from a dedicated environment associated with CLARIN-D. |
Browse |
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A Dictionary of Contemporary Icelandic Size: 56,000 entries |
Icelandic |
The dictionary, which is based on the multilingual ISLEX dictionary, describes Icelandic vocabulary from around 1950 up to the present date. Important words belonging to older stages of the language are also included, in addition to Old Icelandic words that students may encounter in their studies (such as bolöxi, fjörbaugsgarður, hjálmvölur and jarteikn). New words are added to the dictionary now and then and the definitions and examples are constantly being updated. All headwords have links to sound files with their pronunciation, and inflections are shown by links to the Database of Modern Icelandic Inflection. This dictionary is available for download from the CLARIN.IS repository and for online browsing through a dedicated interface. |
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Icelandic Pronunciation Dictionary Size: 65,000 words |
Icelandic | This is a dictionary with pronunciation information for common Icelandic words. The resource is available for download from the CLARIN-IS repository. | Download |
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Size: 83,000 entries |
Karelian | This is a monolingual dictionary that is available for download and for online browsing through the Language Bank of Finland. | |
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Dictionary of Modern Latvian (MLVV) Size: 45,877 entries |
Latvian | The resource is available for online browsing. | Browse |
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Dictionary of Standard Latvian Language (LLVV) Size: 64,200 entries |
Latvian | This is a dictionary that contains examples of the standard Latvian language from the 1870s to the 1990s. The resource is available for online browsing. | Browse |
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Historical Dictionary of Latvian (16th-17th Centuries) (LVVV) Size: 1,800 entries |
Latvian |
This is a dictionary of Latvian from the period between the 16th and 17th centuries with a reference to the “Historical Corpus of the Latvian Language”. The resource is available for online browsing. For the relevant publication, see Andronova et al. (2016) |
Browse |
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Rendering Dictionary of Personal Names Size: 4,000 entries |
Latvian | This dictionary contains person names in four languages (Czech, French, Italian and German) and their renderings in Latvian in accordance with the rendering rules of proper nouns. The resource is available for online browsing. | Browse |
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Size: 309,016 entries |
Latvian |
This is a comprehensive corpus-based dictionary of the Latvian language. The resource is available for online browsing. For the relevant publication, see Spektors et al. (2016) |
Browse |
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Dictionaries of the CLARIN-PL Lexical Platform Size: 512,973 entries |
Polish |
This is a collection of the following 4 dictionaries, which are available through the same online environment:
All the 4 dictionaries are available through the same online lexical platform developed by CLARIN-PL. |
Browse |
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Polish Hask Collocation Database Size: 106,723 entries containing 5,636,857 combinations |
Polish | HASK collocation dictionaries are phraseological databases used by linguists, language teachers, lexicographers, language materials developers, translators and other language professionals and casual dictionary users. The resource is available for online browsing through the PELCRA environment. | Browse |
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Specialized Phonetic Dictionary Size: 13,713 wordforms |
Russian | This dictionary contains words from specialised topics. The dictionary is available for online browsing through a service provided by the CLARIN Knowledge Centre for Belarusian text and speech processing. | Browse |
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Dictionary of Lesser Used Slovenian Words Size: 178,457 entries |
Slovenian | This is a dictionary that contains entries that were not included in the Dictionary of the Slovenian Standard Language. The resource is available for download from CLARIN.SI and for online browsing. | |
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Dictionary of New Slovenian Words Size: 6,399 entries |
Slovenian | This is a dictionary of new words and neologisms. The resource is available for download from CLARIN.SI and for online browsing. | |
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Dictionary of Slovenian Particles Size: 429 entries |
Slovenian |
This is a dictionary of connectives, disjuncts, emphasisers; not to be confused with English adverbial particles despite its name. The resource is available for download from CLARIN.SI and for online browsing. For the relevant publication, see Žele (2015) |
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Dictionary of Slovenian Phrasemes Size: 3,002 entries |
Slovenian | This is a multiword lexicon available for download from CLARIN.SI and for online browsing through a dedicated environment. | |
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Dictionary of the Slovenian Language in the Works of Janez Svetokriški Size: 8,540 entries |
Slovenian | This is a historical dictionary compiling the works of Janez Svetokriški. The resource is available for download from CLARIN.SI and for online browsing. | |
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Dictionary of Twitterese Janes-Dict 1.0 Size: 1,002 entries |
Slovenian |
This is a dictionary of computer-mediated communication appearing on Twitter. The resource is available for download from CLARIN.SI and for online browsing. For the relevant publication, see Gantar et al. (2016) |
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Reverse dictionary of Slovenian language Size: 115,355 entries |
Slovenian | This is a dictionary where headwords are sorted by last-to-first letter. The resource is available for download from CLARIN.SI. | Download |
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Words of the 16th-Century Slovenian Literary Language Size: 27,759 entries |
Slovenian | This is a historical dictionary that provides comprehensive information on the vocabulary used in the Slovenian literary language during the period of the Reformation. The resource is available for download from CLARIN.SI and for online browsing. | |
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Dalin's Dictionary (2017-10-16) Size: 62,975 entries |
Swedish | Dalin's Dictionary of 19th century Swedish. The resource can be download from the SWE-CLARIN repository and can be queried online through KARP. | |
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Hellquist's Swedish etymology (2017-10-16) Size: 12,376 entries |
Swedish | This is an etymological dictionary that is available for download from the SWE-CLARIN repository and can be queried online through KARP. | |
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Online Lexicon of Veps Language Licence: EUPL |
Veps | This is a dictionary of the Veps Language available for online browsing through FIN-CLARIN. |
Multilingual Resources
| Corpus | Language | Description | Availability |
|---|---|---|---|
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Voiced Electronic Grammatical Dictionary Annotation: pronunciation, PoS |
Belarusian, English, Russian |
This dictionary provides information on the correct spelling, pronunciation and parts-of-speech of words. Additionally, the dictionary allows researchers to listen to the pronunciation of words. The dictionary is available for online browsing through the CLARIN Knowledge Centre for Belarusian text and speech processing. |
Browse |
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English-Greek Dictionary of False Friends Size: 1,000 entries |
English-Greek | This is a dictionary of false friends available for download from clarin:el. | Download |
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English-Estonian Machine Translation Dictionary Size: 90,000 entries |
Estonian, English | This is a constantly incremented English-Estonian online dictionary, which is helpful in both human and machine translation. The resource is available for online browsing. | Browse |
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The Online Dictionary of Estonian Sign Language - Estonian Size: 4,000 keywords |
Estonian, Estonian Sign Language |
The dictionary contains over 4,000 entry words, enabling search either by an Estonian word or a by a sign of Estonian sign language. The resource is available for download from META-SHARE (CELR distribution) and for online browsing through a dedicated website. |
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Size: 90,000 keywords |
Estonian, Finnish | This is the web-version of the two-volume Finnish-Estonian Dictionary (2003). The resource is available for download from META-SHARE (CELR distribution) and for online browsing through a dedicated website. | |
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Comprehensive Estonian-French Dictionary Size: 15,300 keywords |
Estonian, French | This is a bilingual dictionary that is available for download from META-SHARE (CELR distribution) and for online browsing through a dedicated website. | |
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Size: 25,000 entries |
Estonian, Latvian | This is a bilingual dictionary that is available for online browsing. | Browse |
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The Estonian-Latvian-Estonian Dictionary Size: 47,000 keywords |
Estonian, Latvian | This bilingual dictionary is available for download from META-SHARE (CELR distribution) and for online browsing through a dedicated website. | |
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Size: 9,800 keywords |
Estonian, Mari | This bilingual dictionary is available for download from META-SHARE (CELR distribution) and for online browsing through a dedicated website. | |
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The Estonian-Norwegian-Estonian Dictionary Size: 19,000 Estonian keywords, 21,000 Norwegian keywords |
Estonian, Norwegian | This bilingual dictionary is available for download from META-SHARE (CELR distribution) and for online browsing through a dedicated website. | |
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Estonian-Russian Learner's Orthographic Dictionary Size: 23,000 keywords |
Estonian, Russian | The Estonian-Russian Learner's dictionary is mainly meant for those learners of Estonian whose mother tongue is Russian or who learn it through Russian. The resource is available for download from META-SHARE (CELR distribution) and for online browsing through a dedicated website. | |
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The Estonian-Russian Dictionary Size: 66,423 keywords |
Estonian, Russian | This is the most comprehensive Estonian-Russian dictionary. The resource is available for download from META-SHARE (CELR distribution) and for online browsing through a dedicated website. | |
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The Russian-Estonian Dictionary Size: 74,000 keywords |
Estonian, Russian | This bilingual dictionary is available for download from META-SHARE (CELR distribution) and for online browsing through a dedicated website. | |
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The Estonian-Udmurt Dictionary Size: 10,000 keywords |
Estonian, Udmurt | This is the first-ever bilingual dictionary of Estonian and Udmurt that also accounts for dialectal variation. The resource is available for download from META-SHARE (CELR distribution) and for online browsing through a dedicated website. | |
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Annotation: MSD-tags, semantic information, multi-word units |
Greek, English, Bulgarian, Romanian, German, Polish | This is a collection of dictionaries created on the basis of Wikipedia articles. The collection is available for download from clarin:el. | Download |
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French-Greek lexicon of idioms Size: 293 entries |
Greek, French | This is a glossary of idioms that supplies their wider contextual information (the context, the level of language, the connotation, the feeling that it transfers). The resource is available for download from clarin:el. | Download |
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Size: 3200 images; 9800 idiomatic expressions; 50,000 articles |
Icelandic, Danish, Norwegian (Bokmål), Norwegian (Nynorsk), Swedish, Faroese |
This multilingual dictionary is available for download from CLARIN-IS as well as for online browsing. For the relevant publication, see Úlfarsdóttir (2014) |
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Kven-Norwegian Bokmål dictionary Size: 8,468 entries |
Kven Finnish - Norwegian Bokmål | This is a bilingual dictionary that is available for download from CLARINO. | Download |
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Mühlenbach Endzelin Latvian Dictionary (MEV) Size: 120,000 entries |
Latvian (German) | This is a bilingual dictionary that is available for online browsing. | Browse |
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Size: 25,700 entries |
Latvian, Latgalian | This is a bilingual dictionary that is available for online browsing. | Browse |
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Size: 150,000 entries |
Lithuanian, English | This is a bilingual dictionary available for online browsing. | Browse |
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Size: 60,000 entries |
Lithuanian, Latvian | This is a bilingual dictionary that is available for online browsing. | Browse |
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Lithuanian-Latvian-Latgalian Dictionary (LLL) Size: 42,061 headwords |
Lithuanian, Latvian, Latgalian | This is a trilingual dictionary that is available for online browsing through a dedicated environment. | Browse |
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Livonian-Estonian-Latvian Dictionary
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Livonian, Estonian, Latvian | This is a trilingual dictionary that is available for online browsing. | Browse |
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The Livonian-German Dictionary Licence: CLARIN ACA |
Livonian, German | This bilingual dictionary is available for download from META-SHARE (CELR distribution) and for online browsing through a dedicated website. | |
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Basic English-Maltese Dictionary Size: 5,458 entries |
Maltese, English | This is a bilingual dictionary of alphabetically ordered English lemmas with their Maltese translation and Maltese pronunciation. The resource is unavailable for download or online browsing, but can be accessed by contacting the resource manager. | |
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North Saami-Finnish dictionary Size: 11,297 entries |
Northern Sami, Finnish | This is a bilingual dictionary that is available for download from CLARINO. | Download |
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Norwegian Bokmål-North Saami dictionary Size: 25,902 entries |
Norwegian Bokmål, Northern Sami | This is a bilingual dictionary that is available for download from CLARINO. | Download |
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Norwegian Bokmål-South Saami dictionary Size: 12,951 entries |
Norwegian Bokmål, Southern Sami | This is a bilingual dictionary that is available for download from CLARINO. | Download |
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Norwegian-Vietnamese Dictionary Size: 11,635 entries |
Norwegian, Vietnamese | This is a bilingual dictionary that is available for download from CLARINO. | Download |
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Licence: Terms of Use |
Russian, Latvian | This is a bilingual dictionary that is available for online browsing. | Browse |
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Etymological Database of the Saami Languages Size: growing |
Saami languages, Finnish | This is an etymological knowledge base available for online browsing through FIN-CLARIN. | Browse |
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Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries
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Sanskrit, English, French, German, Latin |
This is a collection of 37 bilingual Sanskrit dictionaries originally published between 1832 and 1993. There are 11 Sanskrit-English, 3 English-Sanskrit, 2 Sanskrit-French, 5 Sanskrit-German, 1 Sanskrit-Latin, 2 Sanskrit-Sanskrit, and 10 specialized dictionaries. The dictionaries are available for download and for online querying through a dedicated interface. Each dictionary has several types of display, as well as PDF scan and XML files for download. For the relevant publication, see Knapp and Malten (1997) |
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Slovenian-German Dictionary of Maks Pleteršnik (1894-1895) Size: 103,185 entries |
Slovenian, German | This is a historical dictionary compiling the works of Maks Pleteršnik. The resource is available for download from CLARIN.SI and for online browsing. | |
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Japanese-Slovene learner's dictionary jaSlo 3.1 Size: 9,891 entries |
Slovenian, Japanese | This is a learner’s dictionary for Slovenian students of Japanese. The resource is available for download from CLARIN.SI and for online browsing. | |
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Swedish-South Saami dictionary Size: 3,351 entries |
Swedish, Southern Sami | This is a bilingual dictionary that is available for download from CLARINO. | Download |
Publications
[Andronova et al. 2016] Everita Andronova, Renāte Siliņa-Piņķe, Anta Trumpa, and Pēteris Vanags. 2016. The Electronic Historical Latvian Dictionary Based on the Corpus of Early Written Latvian Texts.
[Gantar et al. 2016] Polona Gantar, Iza Škrjanec, Darja Fišer, and Tomaž Erjavec. 2016. Slovar tviterščine.
[Knapp and Malten 1997] Dieter B. Knapp and Thomas Malten. 1997. Report on the Cologne Sanskrit Dictionary Project.
[Spektors et al. 2016] Andrejs Spektors, Ilze Auzina, Roberts Dargis, Normunds Gruzitis, Peteris Paikens, Lauma Pretkalnina, Laura Rituma, and Baiba Saulite. 2016. Tezaurs.lv: the Largest Open Lexical Database for Latvian.
[Úlfarsdóttir 2014] Thórdís Úlfarsdóttir. 2014. ISLEX – a Multilingual Web Dictionary.
[Žele 2015] Andreja Žele. 2015. Slovar členkov kot živa vez med besedilom in slovarjem.